Rules of Usurpation (Ghasb)

Usurpation means that a person unjustly seizes the property or right of another person. This is one of the major sins and one who commits it will be subjected to severe chastisement on the Day of Judgement. It has been reported from the Holy Prophet (SAWA), “that whoever usurps one span of another’s land, seven layers of that land will be put round his neck like a yoke on the Day of Judgement.”

2688. If a person does not allow the people to benefit from a mosque, a school, a bridge and other places, which have been constructed for the use of the public, he usurps their right. Similar is the case of a person who reserves a place in the mosque for himself and does not allow any other person to use it.

2689. Something, which is given as Rahn to the creditor, must remain in his position so that if he did not pay his debt, then the creditor may cover the debt from it. If he takes back that thing before the debt is settled without his permission, then he has usurped his right.

2690. A property, which is given as Rahn, if some one else usurped it, the owner of the property and the creditor may ask for its return. And whenever it is returned again it is in Rahn. And if that thing is vanished, he may take something instead of it and that thing is also in Rahn

2691. If a person usurps a property, he should return it to its owner, and if it is lost he should compensate him for it.

2692. If some benefit occrues from a thing, which has been usurped, for example, if a lamb is born of a sheep which has been usurped, it belongs to the owner. Moreover, if, for example, a person has usurped a house, he should pay its rent even if he does not occupy it.

2693. If a person usurps something belonging to a child or an insane person, he should return it to his guardian, and if it has been lost he should replace it, and if it is given to the child or insane person and it is lost, he is responsible.

2694. When two persons usurp a thing jointly, and if they have full control over it, each one of them is fully responsible for the whole of it, if both of them alone might not have been able to usurp it, and they could have full control, then if they do anything, each of them is responsible.

2695. If a person mixes something usurped by him with another thing, for example, he mixes wheat usurped by him with barely, and if it is possible to separate them, he should separate them even if it may very difficult to do so, and return the usurped thing to its owner

2696. If a person usurps a piece of ornament, like an earring and melts it, he should return it with the difference between the value before and after the melting. And if with the object of not paying the difference, he says that he is ready to make it like the original one, the owner is not obliged to accept the offer. Also, the owner, too, cannot compel him to make it like the original one.

2697. If a person changes an usurped thing into something better than before, for example, if he makes an earring from the gold usurped by him, and the owner asks him to give it to him in the same (i.e. changed) form, he should give it to him in that form. He cannot claim any charges from the owner for his labor. Similarly, he has no right to give him the thing in its original form without his permission, and if he gives the thing in its original form without his permission, or changes it into another shape, it is not known whether he will be responsible for the difference in the value.

2698. If a person changes the thing usurped by him in such way that it becomes better than its original form, but its owner asks him to change it back to its original condition, it will be obligatory on him to do so. And if due to the change, its value decreases, he should pay the difference in the value of the owner. Therefore, if he makes an earring from the gold usurped by him and its owner asks him to change it back to its original shape, and if after melting it, its value becomes less than what is originally was before making the earring, he should pay the difference.

2699. If a person usurps a piece of land and cultivates or plants trees on it, the crop and the trees and their fruits are his own property, and if the owner of the land is not agreeable to the crops and the trees remaining on his land, the person who has usurped the land, should pull them out immediately, even if he may suffer loss for that. Also, he should pay rent to the owner of the land for the period the crop and the trees remained on his land, and should also make up for the damage done to the land, like, he should fill up the holes from which the trees are pulled out. And if the value of land decreases because of that, he should compensate. Moreover, he cannot compel the owner of the land to sell it or lease it out to him, nor can the owner of the land compel him to sell the trees or crops to him.

2700. If the owner of the land agrees to the crops and trees remaining on his land, it is not necessary for the usurper of the land to pull them out. However, he should pay the rent of the land from the time he usurped it till the time the owner of the land agreed to the trees and crops remaining on it

2701. If a thing usurped by a person perishes and if it is like a cow or a sheep, the price of each one of which differs on account of individual characteristics, the usurper should pay its price; and if its market value has undergone a change on the grounds of demand and supply, he should pay the cost which was at the time it perished. And the recommended precaution is that he should pay its highest price from the time it was usurped till the time it perished.

2702. If a thing is usurped which is perished, such as machine made carpet, utensils, book and the like which their similar items are usually easily available, what is given, must be the same as the one which perished.

2703. If something like sheep, which its unit prices are different, is usurped and it is perished, if the market price has not changed, but it has become fatter in that period, he must be the present price.

2704. If the thing usurped by a person is usurped from him by another person and it perishes, the owner of the thing can take its compensation from any one of them, or can demand a part of the compensation from each of them. And if he takes compensation for the thing from the first usurper, the first usurper can demand whatever he has given from the second usurper.
But if he is compensated by the second usurper, that second usurper cannot demand what he has given form the first usurper.

2705. If one of the conditions of transaction is not present at the time of sale; for example, if a thing, which should be purchased and sold by weight is sold without being weighed, the contract is void. And if the seller and the buyer accept the deal irrespective of the mode of transaction, there is no harm in it. Otherwise, the things taken by them from each other will be treated as usurped property and should be returned to each other. And if the property of each of them perishes while in the custody of the other, he should pay compensation for it regardless of whether or not he knows that the transaction was void.

2706. If a person takes some thing from a seller so that he may see and check it, or may keep it with him for sometime so that he may purchase it, if he likes it, and if that property perishes, he should pay compensation for it to its owner.